Abstrakt
Dla współczesnych demokracji liberalnych charakterystyczne jest prowadzenie sporów dotyczących sposobów realizacji praktyk kształcenia, odnoszących się do seksualności. W kontekście tematyki tego artykułu za znaczące można uznać opatrzenie „stosowną” nazwą zajęć odnoszących się do płciowości oraz to, jakie znaczenia są nadawane terminologii przyjętej dla praktyki przekazu wiedzy, kształtowania umiejętności i postaw wobec płciowości. Pretekstem do omówionych analiz stało się umieszczenie w nowej wersji podstawy programowej przedmiotu: „wychowanie do życia w rodzinie”, przeznaczonej dla uczniów i uczennic klas 4–8 szkoły podstawowej, zapisu: „[uczeń] potrafi wymienić różnice pomiędzy edukacją a wychowaniem seksualnym” oraz „[uczeń] potrafi scharakteryzować i ocenić różne odniesienia do seksualności: permisywne, relatywne i normatywne”. Przyjęłam, że obecna w tych zapisach potrzeba zapoznania uczniów oraz uczennic ze znaczeniami nadawanymi wychowaniu seksualnemu oraz edukacji seksualnej wynika z chęci ustanowienia wyraźnych granic pomiędzy w określony sposób wartościowanymi praktykami edukacyjnymi odnoszącymi się do seksualności. Takie ujęcie pozwala na wstępne wyróżnienie dwóch zróżnicowanych perspektyw. W niniejszym tekście zostaną one skonfrontowane z dyskursywnym ujęciem edukacji seksualnej, a wraz z nim – z wielością i różnorodnością podejść konstruowanych w odmiennych kontekstach kulturowych.
Bibliografia
Allen, L. (2006). „Looking at the Real Thing”: Young men, pornography, and sexuality education. Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, 27, 1, 69–83; https://doi.org/10.1080/01596300500510302.
Allen, L. (2007). Examining dominant discourses of sexuality in sexuality education research. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 17(1/2), 163–180; https://doi.org/10.1080/09620210701433910.
Angelides, S. (2008). „The continuing homosexual offensive”: Sex education, gay rights and homosexual recruitment. W: S. Robinson (Ed.), Homophobia: An Australian history. Sydney: The Federation Press.
APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. (2009). Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Arendt, H. (2000). Kondycja ludzka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Alatheia.
Ashcraft, C. (2006). Ready or not…? Teen sexuality and the troubling discourse of readiness. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 37(4), 328–346; https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.2006.37.4.328.
Baber, K.M., Murray, C.I. (2001). A postmodern feminist approach to teaching human sexuality. Family Relations, 50(1), 23–33.
Babik, M. (2010). Polskie koncepcje wychowania seksualnego w latach 1900– 1939. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM.
Bacon, J. (2006). Teaching queer theory at a normal school, Journal of Homosexuality, 52(1–2), 257–283.
Bale, C. (2011). Raunch or romance? Framing and interpreting the relationship between sexualized culture and young people’s sexual health. School of Health and Related Research, 11, 3, 303–313; https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811. 2011.590088.
Beckstead, A.L., Morrow, S.L. (2004). Mormon clients’ experiences of conversion therapy: The need for a new treatment approach. The Counseling Psychologist, 32, 651–690; https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000004267555.
Bhabha, H. (1983). The other question – the stereotype and colonial discourse. Screen, 24(6), 308–327; https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360903339726.
Blair, A., Monk, D. (2009). Sex education and the law in England and Wales: The importance of legal narratives. W: L.D.H. Sauerteig, R. Davidson (Eds.), Shaping sexual knowledge: A cultural history of sex education in twentieth century Europe. London – New York: Routledge.
Carlson, D.L. (1992). Identity conflict and change. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education. New York: Teachers College Press.
Carlson, D.L. (2005). Poststructuralism. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education, and sexualities: An international encyclopedia. London: Greenwood Press.
Choi, P., Nicolson, P. (2004). Female sexuality. New York: Harvester/ Wheatsheaf.
Chomczyńska-Miliszkiewicz, M. (1996). Modele szkolnej edukacji seksualnej. Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny, 3–4, 67–73.
Chomczyńska-Miliszkiewicz, M. (2002). Edukacja seksualna w społeczeństwie współczesnym. Konteksty pedagogiczne i psychospołeczne. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS.
D’Augelli, A.R. (1998). Developmental implications of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. W: G.M. Harek (Ed.) Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Dudziak, U. (2002). Seksualność a polityka – od socjalizmu do liberalizmu. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek.
Duran, B., Walters, K.L. (2004). HIV/AIDS prevention in “Indian country”: Current practice, indigenist etiology models, and postcolonial approaches to change. AIDS Education and Prevention, 16(3), 187–201; https://doi.org/ 10.1521/aeap.16.3.187.35441.
Elia, J.P. (2005). Sexuality education. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education, sexualities: An international encyclopedia. London: Greenwood Press.
Elia, J.P., Eliason, M. (2010). Discourses of Exclusion: Sexuality Education’s Silencing of Sexual Others. Journal of LGBT Youth, 7, 29–48; https://doi.org/10.1080/19361650903507791.
Farrelly, C., O’Brien, M., Prain, V. (2007). The discourses of sexuality in curriculum documents on sexuality education: an Australian case study. Sex Education, 7, 1, 63–80; https://doi.org/10.1080/14681810601134801.
Fields, J., Tolman, D. (2006). Risky business: Sexuality education and research in U.S. Schools. Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC, 3(4), 63–76; https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2006.3.4.63.
Fijałkowski, W. (1999). Rodzicielstwo w zgodzie z naturą. Ekologiczne spojrzenie na płciowość. Poznań: Fundacja „Głos dla życia”.
Fine, M., McClelland, S. (2006). Sexuality education and desire: Still missing after all these years. Harvard Educational Review, 76(3), 297–338; https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.3.w5042g23122n6703.
Fonow, M.M., Marty, D. (1992). Teaching college students about sexuality from feminist perspectives. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education. New York: Teachers College.
Forlin, C. (2001). Inclusion: Identifying potential stressors for regular class teachers. Journal of Educational Research, 43(3), 235–245; https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00131880110081017.
Forlin, C., Hattie, J., Douglas, G. (1996). Inclusion: Is it stressful for teachers? Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 21(3), 199–217; https://doi.org/10.1080/13668259600033141.
Foucault, M. (1976). The history of sexuality: Volume one, the will to knowledge. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Friedman, J. (2004). The battle for effective sexual education. Journal of Student Social Work, 2.
Gagnon, J. (2008). Conceiving sexuality: Approaches to sex research in a postmodern world. New York: Routledge.
Gay and Lesbian Youth Project. (2009). Celebrating diversity in schools [CD]. Melbourne: Same Sex Attracted Eastern Action Group.
Giroux, H. (1993). Border crossings: Cultural works and the politics of education. New York: Routledge.
Goffmann, E. (1963). Stigma: Some notes on the management of spoiled identity. London: Penguin.
Haffner, D.W. (1992). Sexuality education in policy and practice. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education. New York: Teachers College Press.
Hekman, S. (1999). Identity crises: Identity, identity politics, and beyond. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 2(1), 3–26; https://doi.org/10.1080/13698239908403266.
Hernandez, B.F., Peskin, M., Shegog, R., Markham, Ch., Johnson, K. (2011). Choosing and Maintaining Programs for Sex Education in Schools: The CHAMPSS Model. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 2, 2. Pozyskano z: http://digitalcommons. library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol2/iss2/7 [dostęp: 10.06.2017].
Hirst, J. (2008). Developing sexual competence? Exploring strategies for the provision of effective sexualities and relationships education. Sex education, 8(4), 399–413; https://doi.org/10.1080/14681810802433929.
Holley, L.C., Steiner, S. (2005). Safe space: Student perspectives on classroom environment. Journal of Social Work Education, 41(1), 49–64.
Irvine, J. (2002). Talk about sex: The battles over sex education in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Izdebski, Z. (2003). Edukacja seksualna. W: Z. Izdebski, A. Ostrowska (red.), Seks po polsku. Warszawa: Muza SA.
Izdebski, Z. (2012). Seksualność Polaków na początku XXI wieku. Studium badawcze. Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ.
Jakubiec, Z., Szymoński, P. (2000). Bociany i boćki. Wrocław: Wyd. PTPP „pro Natura”.
Jemmott, J.B., Jemmott, L.S., Fong, G.T. (2010). Efficacy of a theory-based abstinence-only intervention over 24 months: A randomized controlled trial with young adolescents. ARCH Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine, 164(2), 152–159; https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.267.
Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.R., Martin, C.E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.R., Martin, C.E., Gebhard, P.H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Kirby, D. (2007). Emerging answers 2007: Research findings on programs to reduce teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Paper presented at the The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. November, Washington, DC.
Kirschenbaum, H. (1992). A comprehensive model for values education and moral education. The Phi Delta Kappan, 73(10), 771–776.
Kohler, P. (2008). Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 344–351; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.026.
Kozakiewicz, M., Rea, N. (1975). A survey on the status of sex education in Eurepean member countries. London: IPPF.
Krafft-Ebing, R. von (1886). Psychopatia sexualis. Philadelphia – London: The P.A. Davis Co., Publishers. Laumann, E.O.,
Gagnon, J.H. (1995). A sociological perspective on sexual action. W: R.G. Parker, J.H. Gagnon (Eds.), Conceiving Sexuality: Approaches to Sex Research in a Postmodern World. New York: Routledge.
Leitch, V., Cain, W., Finke, L., Johnson, B., McGowan, J., Williams, J. (2001). The Norton anthology of theory and criticism. New York: Norton.
Lichenstein, B. (2000). Virginity discourse in the AIDS era: A case analysis of sexual initiation aftershock. NWSA Journal, 12(2), 52–69.
Lipkin, A. (1994). The case for a gay and lesbian curriculum. High School Journal, 77(1), 95–107.
Łobocki, M. (2010). Teoria wychowania w zarysie. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza „Impuls”.
Macgillivray, I., Jennings, T. (2008). A content analysis exploring lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender topics in foundations of education textbooks. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(2), 170–188; https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0022487107313160.
Markman, H.J., Halford, W.K. (2005). International perspectives on couple relationship education. Family Process, 44(2), 139–146; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2005.00049.x.
Masters, W.H., Johnson, V.E. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers.
Masters, W.H., Johnson, V.E. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Bantam Books.
Mayo, C. (2005). Multicultural education. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education and sexualities: An international encyclopedia. London: Greenwood Press.
McLaren, P. (1992). Border anxiety and sexuality politics. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education. New York: Teachers College Press.
McLaren, P. (1992). Border anxiety and sexuality politics. W: J.T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education. New York: Teachers College Press.
McWhirter, J.J., McWhirter, B.T., McWhirter, A.M., McWhirter, E.H. (1998). At-risk youth: A comprehensive response. Pacific Grove: Brookes/Cole.
Moccaccihi, M.-A. (1979). Female sexuality in fascist ideology. Feminist Review, 1(1).
Molnar, B.E. (1997). Juveniles and psychiatric institutionalization: Toward better due process and treatment review in the United States. Health and Human Rights, 2, 98–116.
Moran, J.P. (2000). Teaching sex: The shaping of adolescence in the 20th century. London: Harvard University Press.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2008). Office of the high commissioner for human rights 2008 report activities and results. Geneva: United Nations.
Ollis, D., Harrison, L., Richardson, A. (2012). Building Capacity in Sexuality Education: The Northern Bay College Experience. W: Report of the first phase of the Sexuality Education and Community Support (SECS) project.
Pemberton, L. (1948). The stork didn’t bring you. Sex education for teenagers. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons.
Plummer, K. (2003). Intimate Citizenship. Private Decisions and Public Dialogues. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Reich, W. (1931). Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse. Wien: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
Reich, W. (1945). Character-analysis: Principles and technique for psychoanalysts in practice and in training. New York: Orgone Institute Press.
Reich, W. (1971). The invasion of compulsory sex-morality. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Reinhard, W. (2009). Życie po europejsku. Od czasów najdawniejszych do współczesności. Warszawa: PWN.
Robinson, K.H. (2002). Making the invisible visible: Gay and lesbian issues in early childhood education. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 3(2), 415–434; https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2002.3.3.8.
Robinson, K.H. (2005). “Queerying” Gender: Heteronormativity in early childhood education. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 30(2), 19–28.
Santos, S.A., Fonseca, L., Araújo, H.C. (2012). Sex education and the views of young people on gender and sexuality inportuguese schools. Educação, Sociedade & Culturas, 35, 29–44.
Shornack, L.L., Shornack, E.M. (1982). The new sex education and the sexual revolution: A critical view. Family Relations, 31(4), 531–544; http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/583929.
Shryock, H. (1951a). On becoming a man. A book for teenage boys. Warburton: Signs Publishing Company.
Shryock, H. (1951b). On Becoming a Woman. A Book for Teen-age Girls. Warburton: Signs Publishing Company.
Sikorska-Kulesza, J. (2004). „Skąd się wziął twój braciszek?”. Początki dyskusji o wychowaniu seksualnym dzieci i młodzieży na ziemiach polskich. W: A. Żarnowska, A. Szwarc (red.), Kobieta i małżeństwo. Społecznokulturowe aspekty seksualności. Wiek XIX i XX. Warszawa: DiG.
Spivak, G. (1990). The postcolonial critic: Interviews, strategies, dialogue. New York: Routledge.
Swain, S., Warne, E., Hillel, M. (2004). Ignorance is not innocence: Sex education in Australia, 1890–1939. W: C. Nelson, M. Martin (Eds.), Sexual pedagogies: Sex education in Britain, Australia, and America, 1879–2000. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tuttle, L. (1986). Encylopedia of feminism. London: Arrow Books.
Urban, K. (2007a). Trzy rodzaje edukacji seksualnej. Wychowawca, 7–8, 24–29.
Urban, K (2007b). Przyczyny nieskuteczności permisywnej edukacji seksualnej. Wychowawca, 7–8, 28.
Ussher, J.M. (1994). Theorizing female sexuality: Social constructionist and poststructuralist accounts. W: P.Y.L. Choi, P. Nicolson (Eds.), Famale Sexuality: Psychology, biology and social context. New York: Harvester/ Weatsheaf.
Uścinowicz, J. (1998). Planowane rodzicielstwo. Gdańsk: Human Life International – Europa.
Vojak, C. (2006). Examining children’s interests in light of parent-centered trends in education (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
WHO. (2010). Standardy edukacji seksualnej w Europie. Podstawowe zalecenia dla decydentów oraz specjalistów zajmujących się edukacją i zdrowiem. (M. Sikorska-Jaroszyńska, B. Balińska, E. Pieszczyk, A. Wiewióra, tłum.). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Czelej.
Zamojska, E. (2010). Równość w kontekstach edukacyjnych. Wybrane aspekty równości w polskich i czeskich podręcznikach szkolnych. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Źródła internetowe
http://gosc.pl/doc/2584424.Co-z-ta-seksedukacja http://www.wdz.edu.pl/index.php?s=prawo_oswiatowe&id=10
http://www.wdz.edu.pl/pliki/444914278.pdf stryszawa-swanna.pl/files/download/250/o_edukacji_seksualnej_w_polsce.doc