APA 7th Edition Requirements
Contents
- In-text reference
- Journal article
- Book and chapter in an edited book
- Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis
- Conference paper and poster presentation
- Other sources (reports and legislation)
- Webpages and other online resources
- Works in non-English languages and non-English scripts, such as Cyrillic, Arabic or Chinese
For each cited item, provide a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if available. It should appear after the bibliographic data of the cited source, in the form of an active hyperlink. DOI numbers should be verified directly on the journal or publishers' website or on the CrossRef agency website: http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/
1. In-text reference
| One author | |
| Example | (Lewis, 2007) |
| Example | Lewis (2007) stated that... |
| Two authors | |
| Example | (Whittingham & Coyne, 2019) |
| Example | Whittingham and Coyne (2019) |
| Two or more works by the same author published in the same year | |
| Example | (Sheldon et al., 2019) |
| Example | Sheldon et al. (2019) found that.... |
| Two or more works by the same author published in the same year | |
| Example | (Noble et al., 2015; Walker, 2011) |
| Two or more works by the same author published in the same year | |
| Example | (Lewis, n.d., 2012, 2015, 2016) |
| Two or more works by the same author published in the same year | |
| Example | (Jordan & Kendall, 2010a, 2010b) |
2. Journal article
| General guidelines | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicized, Volume – italicized(Issue or number), Page number(s); DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available) |
| Example – one author | Osman, M. (2010). Controlling uncertainty: A review of human behavior in complex dynamic environments. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 65–86; http://doi.org/10.1037/a0017815 |
| Example – two authors | Kerrigan, A.M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternal obesity and pregnancy: A retrospective study. Midwifery, 26, 138–146; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005 |
| Example – 3 to 20 authors | Skenderian, J.J., Siegel, J.T., Crano, W.D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E.E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563–569; https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020 |
| Example – 21 or more authors | Nath, A.P., Ritchie, S.C., Grinberg, N.F., Tang, H.H., Huang, Q.Q., Teo, S.M., Ahola-Olli, A.V., Wurtz, P., Havulinna, A.S., Santalahti, K., Pitkanen, N., Lehtimaki, T., Kahonen, M., Lyytikainen, L.P., Raitoharju, E., Seppala, I., Sarin, A.P., Ripatti, S., Palotie, A., … Inouye, M. (2019). Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of a cytokine network reveals variants with widespread immune, haematological, and cardiometabolic pleiotropy. American Journal of Human Genetics, 105(6), 1076–1090; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.001 |
| Article number (instead of page numbers) | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicized, Volume - italicised(Issue number), Article article number; DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available) |
| Example | de Boer, M.J., Steinhagen, H.E., Versteegen, G.J., Struys, M.M.R.F., & Sanderman, R. (2014). Mindfulness, acceptance and catastrophizing in chronic pain. PloS One, 9(1), Article e87445; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087445 |
| Article in press | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (in press). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicized; DOI address OR Web address (if no DOI available) |
| Example | Baldwin, M., & Keefer, L.A. (in press). Being here and now: The benefits of belonging in space and time. Journal of Happiness Studies; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00214-7 |
3. Book and Chapter in an Edited Book
| General guidelines | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of book – family name and initials. (Year). Title of book - italicized. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available |
| Example – one author | Swartz, W. (2019). Descriptive psychology and the person concept: Essential attributes of persons and behavior. Academic Press; https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-00372-5 |
| Example – two authors | Whittingham, K., & Coyne, W. (2019). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The clinician's guide for supporting parents. Academic Press; https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-01265-X |
| Example – 3 to 20 authors | Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P.A., & Honeycutt, J.M. (2019). The dark side of social media: Psychological, managerial, and societal perspectives. Academic Press; https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-04063-6 |
| Example – 21 or more authors | Harris, K., Johnson, W., Matthews, L., Wilson, K., Lewis, S., Bailey, T., Kelly, M., Norris, O., James, P., Harrison, I., Grant, Q., Vince, J., Patterson, Y., Carson, H., Allison, T., Lang, R., Roberts, G., Gordon, N., Yates, J., … Holland, F. (2019). Brisbane city history. University of Queensland. |
| Comment | For Polish sources, in addition to Publisher provide place of publishing in the format of Place: Publisher Example: Małolepszy, E. (2021). Zarys dziejów GLKS Pogoń Kłomnice (1947-2021) [An outline of the history of GLKS Pogoń Kłomnice (1947-2021)]. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje. |
| Different editions | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicized (Edition number ed.). Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available |
| Example | DeHart, G.B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R.G. (1995). Child development: Its nature and course (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. |
| Edited book or ebook | |
| Elements of the reference | Editor(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple editors. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Title of book - italicized. Publisher. DOI or Web address - if available |
| Example | Hoffmann, C.R., & Wolfram Bublitz, W. (eds.). (2017). Pragmatics of social media. De Gruyter; https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110431070 |
| Book chapters | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initial(s) and family name - of book (Ed. OR Eds.), Title of book – italicized (pp. Page numbers). Publisher. DOI or Web address (if available) |
| Example | Rattan, A. (2019). How lay theories (or mindsets) shape the confrontation of prejudice. In: R.K. Mallett & M.J. Monteith (eds.), Confronting prejudice and discrimination: The science of changing minds and behaviors (pp. 121–140). Academic Press; https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814715-3.00008-4 |
4. Doctoral Dissertation or Master's Thesis
| Thesis - from website | |
| Elements of the reference | Author - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of thesis – italicized [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Institution]. Archive name; http://www.xxxxxx |
| Example | Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacific Island community conserved areas? [Doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland]. UQ eSpace; http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:158747 |
| Thesis - from database | |
| Elements of the reference | Author - last name, initials. (Year). Title of thesis – italicized (Publication No. - if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Database Name. |
| Example | Leigh, J. (2010). Self-determined mindfulness and attachment style in college students (Publication No. 305210119) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. |
5. Conference Paper and Poster Presentation
| Poster presentation | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month, Date). Title - italicized [Poster presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or Web address - if available |
| Example | Snoswell, C. (2016, October 31 – November 3). Models of care for store-and-forward teledermatology in Australia [Poster presentation]. 7th International Conference on Successes and Failures in Telehealth, Auckland, New Zealand. |
| Conference paper | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of paper – last name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Date). Title of paper - italicised. [Type of paper eg. Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or Web address – if available. |
| Example | Norton, M., Moloney, G., Burke, S., Sanson, A., & Louis, W. (2018, September 27–30). Psychological responses to social threats: From stigma to solidarity [Paper presentation]. 2018 APS Congress Psychology advancing into a new age, Sydney, NSW, Australia |
6. Other Sources (Reports and Legislation)
| Report | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) - last name, initial(s) or company name - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of report - italicized (Report number - if available). Publisher - include if different to author; Web address - if available. Retrieved: DD.MM.YYYY) |
| Example | The Coca-Cola Company. (2017). 2016 sustainability report; http://www.coca-colacompany.com/content/dam/journey/us/en/private/fileassets/pdf/2017/2016-sustainability/2016-Sustainability-Report-The-Coca-Cola-Company.pdf . Retrieved: 03.08.2023) |
| Example | Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism Industry Development. (2016). Advancing tourism 2016–20; https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/advancing-tourism/resource/df997cf7-14fc-47b1-ac99-ddc7f0975967 . Retrieved: 03.08.2023) |
| Comment | If you are citing a website or online article that’s designed to change over time, it’s a good idea to include an access date. In this case, write it in the following format at the end of the reference: Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Legislation | |
| Example (Polish act) | Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 6 lipca 2020 r. w sprawie przeniesienia planowanych wydatków budżetowych, w tym wynagrodzeń, określonych w ustawie budżetowej na rok 2020 Dz. U. 2020 poz. 1067 (2020) (Polska). http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20200001210/O/D20201210.pdf .Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Example (Polish act) | Ustawa z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych Dz. U. 1994 nr 24 poz. 83 (2019) (Polska). http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19940240083/U/D19940083Lj.pdf .Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Example (US act) | Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990). https://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm. Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Example (Australian act) | Major Events Act 2014 (Qld). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/inforce/current/act-2014-060 . Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
7. Webpages and Other Online Resources
If you are citing a website or online article that’s designed to change over time, it’s a good idea to include an access date. In this case, write it in the following format at the end of the reference: Retrieved: 18.10.2020
| Webpage within website – individual author | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Day – if available). Title of page - italicized. Website name; Web address. Retrieved: DD.MM.YYYY |
| Example | Shapiro, R.E., & Cowan, R. (2017, January 10). Key points about caffeine and migraines. American Migraine Foundation; https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/caffeine-and-migraine/ . Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Webpage within website – group author | |
| Elements of the reference | Group author name. (Year, Month Day – if available). Title of page – italicized. Website name – if needed. Web address. Retrieved: DD.MM.YYYY |
| Example | Mayo Clinic. (2017, March 8). Nutrition and healthy eating. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678?p=1 . Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Webpage within website – no date | |
| Elements of the reference | Group author name. (n.d.). Title of page – italicized. Website name – if needed. Web address. Retrieved: DD.MM.YYYY |
| Example | Australian Psychological Society. (n.d.). Anxiety disorders; https://www.psychology.org.au/for-the-public/Psychology-Topics/Anxiety .Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Blog post | |
| Elements of the reference | Author – last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Blog name – italicized; Web address. Retrieved: DD.MM.YYYY |
| Example | Conason, A. (2018, October 5). Why you should consider group therapy. Eating Mindfully; https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/eating-mindfully/201810/why-you-should-consider-group-therapy . Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
| Wikipedia | |
| Elements of the reference | Title of entry. (Year, Month Date or n.d.). In: Wikipedia. Retrieved Month Date, Year – if needed; Web address. Retrieved: DD.MM.YYYY |
| Example | Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. (2019, July 10). In: Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy&oldid=905716408 . Retrieved: 18.10.2020 |
8. Works in Non-English Languages and Non-English Scripts
If you use the original version of a non-English work, cite the original version. Non-Latin alphabets are not used in the reference list in APA Style, so the title needs to be transliterated (that is, converted to the alphabet you are using to write a paper), and then followed by an English translation, in brackets.
| Articles | |
| Elements of the reference | Author(s) – last name, initials. (Year). Article title in original language [English translation of article title]. Journal name – italicized, volume – italicised(Issue - if available. Not italicised), Page(s); DOI or Web address – if available |
| Example | Guimard, P., & Florin, A. (2007). Les evaluations des enseignants en grande section de maternelle sont-elles predictives des difficultes de lecture au cours preparatoire? [Are teacher ratings in kindergarten predictive of reading difficulties in first grade?]. Approche Neuropsychologique des Apprentissages chez l'Enfant, 19, 5–17; http://doi.org/10.4000/rfp.4219 |
| Books | |
| Elements of the reference | Author – last name, initial(s), & last name, initial(s). (Year). Title – italicized [English translation of title]. Publisher. DOI or Web address – if available |
| Example | Mangelsdorf, J. (2020). Positive psychologie im coaching: Positive coaching für coaches, berater und therapeuten [Positive psychology in coaching: Positive coaching for coaches, consultants and therapists]. Springer; https://doi-org/10.1007/978-3-658-27632-4 |
| Thesis | |
| Elements of the reference | Author – last name, initials. (Year). Title of thesis – italicized (Publication No. – if available)[English translation of title]. Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution. Database Name or Website. |
| Example | Lastname, F.M. (2023). Doslidzhennya vplyvu chohosʹ na shchosʹ [Study of the Impact of Something on Something]. Doctoral dissertation, Nazva universytetu. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. |